El Dam que se fue (III)
1er Monumento Nacional
Ciudad: Amsterdam / Provincia: Holanda del Norte
El Dam, sin duda la plaza más famosa e importante de Amsterdam, ha sufrido muchos cambios a lo largo de su historia, por lo que en esta serie de artículos llamados ‘El Dam que se fue’, les contaré sobre aquellos edificios y monumentos que desaparecieron y que usualmente no son mencionados durante las visitas guiadas.
Litografía del monumento pocos días después de su inaguración el 27 de agosto de 1856 basada en una foto de Deutmann (Fuente: Archivo de Amsterdam)
En la actualidad se ubica en el Dam el Monumento Nacional, este obelisco fue erigido allí para honrar a las víctimas de la segunda guerra mundial. Pero es poco sabido que entre el año 1856 y 1914 existió otro monumento completamente diferente.
En 1813, con ayuda de las tropas prusianas y rusas, el ejército de Napoleón fue expulsado y la República de las Siete Provincias Unidas recuperó su independencia. Pero esta vez no como república, sino como monarquía. Es así que durante el Congreso de Viena en 1815 se decidió fusionar el norte de los Países Bajos (la antigua República) con el sur de los Países Bajos (la actual Bélgica). Así nació un “estado de amortiguación”, ya que esto era necesario para mantener el nuevo pero frágil equilibrio entre los perdedores y los ganadores de Napoleón, naciendo así el Reino de los Países Bajos Unidos.
Desde el nacimiento del reino, el sur de los Países Bajos, predominantemente católico, vio poco beneficioso fusionarse con sus vecinos protestantes del norte. Siendo el detonante para despertar los sentimientos de insatisfacción y el deseo de autonomía, el hecho de que el rey Guillermo I quisiera introducir el neerlandés como idioma oficial. Esto fue una bofetada tanto para la élite de la junta que hablaba francés además como para una parte importante de la población. Todo esto llevó a los católicos y liberales unir sus fuerzas para rebelarse contra el estilo autoritario de Guillermo I en el verano de 1830.
Un año después de la rebelión del sur de los Países Bajos, durante la llamada Campaña de los Diez Días, el rey neerlandés hace un último esfuerzo por romper la lucha belga por la independencia. Esta campaña pareció ser exitosa hasta que los franceses enviaron un contingente de 70,000 soldados que serviría de refuerzo al ejército del gobierno belga, es así que Guillermo I decidió retirarse consumándose de esta manera la autonomía de Bélgica, autonomía que recién en 1839 fue reconocida por los Países Bajos.
Cuadro de la Batalla de Bautersem, durante la Campaña de los diez días, Nicolaas Pieneman, 1833. (Fuente: Rijksmuseum)
Cuadro del campamento de las tropas neerlandesas en Rijen, cerca a la frontera con Bélgica. Anónimo, 1831 – 1835. (Fuente: Rijksmuseum)
El Monumento. Unos veinte años después de esos sucesos, un grupo de excombatientes comenzaron a exigir que se hiciera un monumento en memoria de la campaña, el mismo que también sirviera para resaltar el espíritu popular de 1830-1831 y la concordia neerlandesa, dígamos una especie de monumento nacional. Originalmente se planeó hacer una gran cruz hecha con las armas fundidas capturadas del ejército belga, pero para no ofender demasiado a los vecinos del sur, se decidió finalmente optar por una figura femenina alegórica. Su objetivo era irradiar ‘la unidad’ (nombre oficial) del pueblo neerlandés y fue presentada en 1856. Ella llevaba casco y vestía ropa antigua, sosteniendo en su brazo derecho una cornucopia y en el izquierdo se apoyaba en un manojo de flechas.
Como datos curiosos contaré que la estatua no solo estaba hecha de piedra arenisca belga (que por cierto resultó ser poco resistente a las condiciones climáticas), sino que también fue diseñada por el escultor nacido en Bélgica Louis Royer. Por último, es importante referirse al sobrenombre que esta recibió, durante su inauguración y debido a la persistente lluvia esta no pudo ser fotografiada, posteriormente la lluvia causo varios estragos en su fisonomía por lo que el pueblo empezó a llamarla ‘Naatje op de Dam’, que traducido al español sería ‘La húmeda o mojadita del Dam’.
El monumento durante la coronación de la reina Guillermina. Foto ca. septiembre 1898 (Fuente: Archivo Ayuntamiento de Amsterdam)
Panorama del Dam. Foto G.H. Heinen ca. 1894. (Fuente: Archivo Ayuntamiento de Amsterdam)
Contacto
Ya sea que quieras reservar un tour o hacer alguna con respecto a los mismos u otros servicios, no dudes en ponerte en contacto conmigo. Te responderé a la brevedad posible.
Amsterdam
Países Bajos
Teléfono/Whatsapp
0031 6 83 22 58 66
nando@guiaenamsterdam.com
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